guarantees, or pre-clearance protocols

by throughput constraints, weather variability on the Caspian Sea, and high transport costs. It remains a redundancy mechanism rather than a primary conduit. Second, Kazakhstan can activate provisional rail routes to Georgia or China, and engage in short-term oil swap deals with regional partners such as Uzbekistan. These are operationally complex and financially inefficient, but useful for short-term flexibility. Third, contractual adjustments within the CPC framework may reduce exposure to procedural risk. Measures such as liability segmentation, export volume guarantees, or pre-clearance protocols can buffer volatility, though they do not address the underlying structural dependency. The forthcoming renegotiations over Kazakhstan’s major oil fields offer an opportunity for cautious rebalancing. Revisions to local content rules, taxation structures, and dispute resolution mechanisms ดูหนัง2025